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Difference between post query and pre query?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

post query will fire for every row that it fetched
pre query will fire only once

What is clustered index?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

In clustered index rows are stored together based on clustered key values

What are referenced object?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

copy of an object maintains link to the source object.
any changes to source object same are done reflected in the reference object

Steps involved in db shutdown?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

shutdown the instance,dismount the db,close the db

Steps involved in db startup?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

start an instance,mount the db,open the db

What is referential integrity?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

A rule defined on a column (or set of columns) in one table that allows the insert or update of a row only if the value for the column or set of columns (the dependent value) matches a value in a column of a related table (the referenced value).

examples PK and FK

Types of db links?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

Private
created on behalf of a specific user

Public
created for a special user group

Network
created and managed by network domain service.

Types of segments?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

data segment
each non cluster/cluster table has a data segment.Tables data is stored in the extent of its data segment

index segment
each index has index segment to store its data

rollback segment
db contains one or more rollback segments to temporarily store undo information

temporary segment
temporary segments are created when SQL statements need temporary work area to complete execution.

Why use an index?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

index gives faster access to data blocks in a table.

Difference between data block,extent and segment?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

data block is the smallest unit of storage for a db object.
when objects grow they take additional storage of adjacent data blocks.These grouping of adjacent data blocks is called extent.
All the extents that an object takes when grouped together is called segment

Difference between hot backup and cold backup?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

hot backup is taking backup of db while its still up and running and must be in archive log mode
cold backup is taking backup of database when its shutdown and not required to be in archive log mode.

advantage
hot backup - db is available for use and can recover at any point of time

cold backup - easier to administer the backup and recovery process
doesn’t require archive log mode so performance is increased

Command used to encrypt pl/sql application?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

WRAP

Explain union,minus,union all,intersect?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

intersect returns all distinct rows selected by both queries
minus selects distinct rows selected by first query but not the second
union returns all distinct rows selected by either query
union all returns all rows selected by either query including duplicates

Difference between SUBSTR and INTSTR?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

INSTR (String1,String2(n,(m)), returns the position of the mth occurrence of the string 2 instring1. The search begins from nth position of string1.

SUBSTR (String1 n,m)SUBSTR returns a character string of size m in string1, starting from nth position of string1.

What is library?

Posted by silpa on Sep 17 2007 | Comment now »

lib is collection of sub programs including named procedures,functions and packages.

What are pl/sql exceptions and cursor exceptions?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

pl/sql exceptions
to_many_rows,no_data_found,value_error,zero_error

cursor exceptions
cursor_exception,cursor_already_open,invalid_cursor

Difference between rowid and rownum?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

rownum is temporary serial number allocated to each returned row in query execution

rowid is physical address of a row
one can read a row if one know row id

What are common pseudo columns?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

A pseudo column behaves like a table column, but is not actually stored in the table. You can select from pseudo columns, but you cannot insert, update, or delete their values. Common pseudo columns are SYSDATE,ROWID,ROWNUM,NEXTVAL,USER

What is one time procedure?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

One time procedure is executed only once when the package is first invoked.The keyword END is not used

What are hints in oracle?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

hints are comments used in SQL statements to pass instructions to the oracle optimizer
optimizer chooses an execution plan based on these hints.

What is nvl2 function?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

syntax of nvl2 function
nvl2(exp1,exp2,exp3)
if exp1 is null 3 is returned other wise exp2 is returned

Difference between object lib and pl/sql library?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

when object lib is attached to a form then entire lib is compiled
where as pl/sql lib is attached then it picks only those sources used in the form

obj lib is used to define standard layouts like font,size etc being created on the form
pl/sql lib contains only pl/sql codes

Difference between groupby and orderby clause?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

groupby clause is used to group set of values based on one or more values
orderby clause is used to sort values in asc or dec order

What is normalization and differents forms of it?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Normalization is a process of efficiently organizing data in the db.
Eliminates redundant data and makes sure that dependencies make sense

different forms are 1NF,2NF,3NF,4NF

1NF
Eliminates duplicate columns
Create separate table for related group of data and identifies each row with unique column called primary key

2NF

Should meet 1NF requirements
Removes sub set of data that apply to multiple rows and places them into new tables
Creates relation bet these new tables and precessing one by a concept called foreign key

3NF

Should meet requirements of 1NF and 2NF
Removes column not dependent on PK

4NF will not have any multi value dependencies

Difference between alias and synonym?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

alias used for a single query its temporary where as synonym is permanent

Difference between foreign key and reference key?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

FK(foreign key) refers to the PK(primary key) of some table

RK(reference key) is the PK(primary key) of the table referred by another table

What are actual and formal parameters?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Actual parameters - variables referenced in the parameter list of a sub program

Formal parameters- variables declared in sub program spec and referenced in the body

What is functional dependency?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

In a relation R attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on X of R if and only if each X values has one Y value associated with it

Difference between unique and primary key?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

unique key can take null value PK cannot

Difference between truncate and delete?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Truncate is a DDL command.It deletes complete table data and no rollback is possible.Also resets the high water mark.

Delete is a DML command.It required commit to make changes permanently.No effect is there on high water mark

What is mutation of a trigger? When and why it occurs?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Mutation of a trigger
A table is said to be mutating table when you are trying to update,delete,insert into a table/view through a trigger and at the same time trying to select the same table/view

It occurs when trying to update,delete insert into the parent table and doing a select on the child table

What is Force view?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Force view is created when not sure of the table name or the privileges of the object used in the view

What is p code and source code?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

p-code is pre-compiled code stored in public cache memory of system global area.

source code is simple code stored in oracle system defined data dictionary.

What are types of binding in pl/sql?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Assigning values to variables in sql statements is called binding

There are 3 types
1.in bind
2.out bind
3.define

What is bulk binding?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

To avoid context switching between sql and pl/sql engine bulk binding is used

Instead of multiple individual select,update,delete,insert statements all operations are carried out at once by using FORALL statement at bulk.
This increases performance

What is exception handling in pl/sql?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Exception handling allows developers to raise and handle errors.
Each SQL block has its own exception block.
When exception occurs execution terminates and control passes to the exception block.

What is data concurrency and consistency?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Data concurrency - many users can access data at the same time

Data consistency - each user sees consistent view of data

What are the data types in pl/sql?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

scalar data types -number,varchar2,date,char,long,boolean,int
composite data type - record,table,varray
lob types-clob,blob,bfile,nclob
reference types- ref cursor,ref object_type

What is cursor and its types?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Cursor is a pointer to oracle context area.Context area is memory space used for processing sql statements.

3 types of cursors are
static - implicit,explicit
dynamic
reference

What are the cursor attributes?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

The following are the cursor attributes
%ISOPEN - cursor open or not
%ROWCOUNT- number of rows fetched/updated/deleted
%FOUND - true if rows are fetched
% NOTFOUND - true if no rows are fetched

What is the difference between %ROWTYPE and %TYPE?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

%rowtype means associating single variable to a entire row

%type means associating single variable to a particular column in a table

advantages of %rowtype over %type
no need to know variables data type
and if column changes data type of the variable changes accordingly

TYPE rec RECORD command is to be used whenever query returns columns of different
table or views and variables.

Difference between cursor and reference cursor?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Cursor is a structure that points to a memory location

Reference cursor points to a object that in turn points to the memory location
adv is that we can pass dynamically ref cursor as parameter to a procedure

Difference between implicit and explicit cursors?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Implicit cursors are declared and used by the oracle internally.Closed automatically

Explicit cursors are declared and used by the user.Closed by the user

What is high water mark?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

High water mark is upper boundary of storage area of the table.

What is a two-phase commit?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

It guarantees that the distributed transactions are committed on all nodes or rollbacked on all nodes to maintain data consistency across distributed db

It has two phases prepare and commit

What is a snapshot?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Snapshot are read only copies of master table located on a remote node.

What is a distributed db?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Network of db’s mangaed by multiple servers appears to user as single db is distributed DB

What is one time procedure?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

One time procedure is executed only once when the package is first invoked.The keyword END is not used.

What is flashback in oracle 9i?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Flashback is used to take the db to the old state like system restore in windows.
No dml and ddl commands are allowed when db is in flashback condition.

Difference between db sever and data dictionary?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

db server is a base on which every thing resides.It contains all schema’s,triggers,views etc

data dictionary contains meta data info about each and every schema objects like table,procedures etc..

What is the difference between instead of trigger,database trigger and schema trigger?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

Instead of trigger control operation on view not table

db trigger are executed in response to a particular event on a table

Schema triggers are fired when schema objects(tables) are modified

What is the use of analyze command?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

analyze command is used on index,table or cluster

used to collect statistics about object and store them in data dictionary

used to delete statistics about object from data dictionary

validate structure of the object

Difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

Posted by silpa on Sep 11 2007 | Comment now »

SQL(Structured Query Language) composed of DML and DDL
DML(Data Manipulative Language) consists of selete,update,insert,delete,merge
DDL(Data Definition Language) consists of create,alter,drop

data oriental language for selecting and manipulating data
SQL may be like source of data for a web page

PL/SQL
procedural language that extends SQL used for application development
language used to format,build and display web page

SQL statements allowed in pl/sql are DML only

What is cluster key?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Related columns of a table are called clustered key

What is deadlock?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Deadlock occurs when one or more user are waiting for data locked by each other

Deadlock can be resolved by rollback one of the statements involved in the dead loack

What is synonym and its advantages?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Its alias for a table,view or program unit.

ADVANTAGES

1.Hides real name
2.Provides public access to object
3.Provides location transparency for a table ,view of a remote DB

What is a table?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Basic unit of data storage in oracle DB.Data is stored in the form of rows and columns.

What is extent?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Extent is a specific number of adjacent data blocks,used to store specific type of information

What is an index?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Index is created on one or more columns of a table to have direct access to rows and for fast data retrieval

What are clusters?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Cluster is a group of one or more tables that share common columns and are stored together

What is a view and its advantages?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

View is virtual table thay donot contain or store data.

ADVANTAGES

1.Provides additional level of table security
2.Stores complex queries
3.Presents data in a diff prespective from tht of a table
4.Simplifies commands for a user

What is schema and what are schema objects?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Schema is collection of database objects.

Schema objects refer to database data.

Schema objects include tables,views,trigger,procedure,function,indexes,synonyms,clusters and db links.

What is a tablespace?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Database is divided in logical storage units called table spaces, one or more data files form a table space.Data files contain all db data.

SYSTEM tablespace is automatically created when database is created.

Components of a database?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Components of database are tablespaces and schema objects

What is a trigger?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Trigger is a set of SQL statements that automatically fires off when some specific operation occurs.

Trigger consists of an event(insert,delete,update on some table) and an action(the related procedure)

Advantages of pl/sql packages?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Advantages of pl/sql packages are:

1.MODULARITY

Lets u encapsulate related items,types,sub programs in a named pl/sql module.
Makes package easy to understand and interfaces between packages simple and clear.Aids application dev

2.EAISER APPLICATION DESIGN

Can define the spec and compile it first and then later the bady can be dev

3.INFORMATION HIDING

Packages can specify which items,types and subprograms are PUBLIC(visible and accesible) and PRIVATE(hidden and inaccessible)

4.ADDED FUNCTIONALITY

Public cursors or types exists till the duration of the session so they can be shared by other sub programs that execute in that environment.Allows cross transactions without storing in the database.

5.BETTER PERFORMANCE

Call to a sub program whole package is loaded into memory
so related sub programs require no disc I/O

Structure/Syntax of a package?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Package has two types spec and body and its structure is as follows:

SPEC

[CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE package_name {IS | AS}
END package name;

BODY
[CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY package_name {IS | AS}BEGINEND package name;

what is package in Pl/SQL?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

Package is a schema object that groups related pl/sql types,items and sub programs.It has two parts specification and body.

Specification declares varibales,types,exceptions,cursors and sub programs.

Body implements spec i.e fully defines cursors and sub programs.

Structure of a function?

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »

CREATE OR REPALCE FUNCTION funcationname (parameter type) RETURN type
Structure of a function is:

IS
variable declaration
BEGIN
function body

return value;

END;

Posted by silpa on Mar 25 2007 | Comment now »


How to protect PL/SQL code?

Posted by silpa on Dec 18 2006 | Comment now »

PL/SQL is the flagship language used inside the Oracle database for many years and through many versions to allow customers to implement their business rules and logic. Oracle has recognized that it is necessary for customers to protect their intellectual property coded in PL/SQL and has provided the wrap program. The wrapping mechanism has been cracked some years ago and there are unwrapping tools in the black hat community. Oracle has beefed up the wrapping mechanism in Oracle 10g to in part counter this.

More info here: http://jonathanbruceconnects.com/jonathan_bruce/2006/08/ip_risk_unwrapping_oracle_plsq.html

How to use a collection to sort a string?

Posted by silpa on Dec 18 2006 | Comment now »

This blog gives a small function that allows to sort the content of a string (ASCII sort).
It use a collection or records to do the job:

What is Oracle PL/SQL Rotate/Pivot Query?

Posted by silpa on Dec 18 2006 | Comment now »

More: http://weblogs.asp.net/stevencohn/archive/2005/01/28/362373.aspx

What is the structure of PL/SQL and what are comments?

Posted by silpa on Dec 18 2006 | Comment now »

PL/SQL is a block oriented language.
A block oriented language is based on a delimited block of code. In the case of PL/SQL, code is wrapped in a BEGIN..END construct. The most basic block of code in PL/SQL is:

BEGIN

END;

Comments in PL/SQL: Comments can begin in any column on any line. If you are embedding comments in SQL that will be embedded in PL/SQL you need to be careful (and I’ll show why in a future article) but just about any other use is ok. A rule I like to follow is to always leave at least one space between program code and program comments and never mix multi-line comments with code.

More here: http://blogs.ittoolbox.com/oracle/guide/archives/learn-plsql-structure-and-comments-10379

Topics to learn in pl/sql?

Posted by silpa on Dec 07 2006 | Comment now »

# Overview of SQL
* SQL Statements
o Data Manipulation Language Statements
o Data Definition Language Statements
o Transaction Control Statements
o Session Control Statements
o System Control Statements
o Embedded SQL Statements
* Cursors
o Scrollable Cursors
* Shared SQL
* Parsing
* SQL Processing
o SQL Statement Execution
o DML Statement Processing
o DDL Statement Processing
o Control of Transactions
* Overview of the Optimizer
o Execution Plans

# Overview of Procedural Languages
* Overview of PL/SQL
o How PL/SQL Runs
o Language Constructs for PL/SQL
o PL/SQL Program Units
o Stored Procedures and Functions
o PL/SQL Packages
o PL/SQL Collections and Records
o PL/SQL Server Pages

Components of a database?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

Tablespaces and schema objects

What is a trigger?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

Trigger is a set of SQL statements that automatically fires off when some specific operation occurs

Trigger consists of an event(insert,delete,update on some table) and an action(the related procedure)

Advantages of pl/sql packages?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

MODULARITY

Lets u encapsulate related items,types,sub programs in a named pl/sql module.
package easy to understand,interfaces between packages simple and clear.Aids application dev

EAISER APPLICATION DESIGN

Can define the spec and compile it first and then later the bady can be dev

INFORMATION HIDING

Packages can specify which items,types and subprograms are PUBLIC(visible and accesible) and PRIVATE(hidden and inaccessible)

ADDED FUNCTIONALITY

Public cursors or types exists till the duration of the session so they can be shared by other sub programs tht execute in that environment.Allows cross transactions without storing in the database.

BETTER PERFORMANCE

Call to a sub program whole package is loaded into memory
so related sub programs require no disc I/O

Structure/Syntax of a package?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

SPEC

[CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE package_name {IS | AS}

END package name;

BODY
[CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY package_name {IS | AS}

BEGIN

END package name;

what is a package?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

Its a schema object that groups related pl/sql types,items and sub programs.It has two parts specification and body.

spec declares varibales,types,exceptions,cursors and sub programs.

body implements spec i.e fully defines cursors and sub programs.

Structure of a function?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

CREATE OR REPALCE FUNCTION funcationname (parameter type) RETURN type

IS
variable declaration
BEGIN
function body

return value;

END;

Structure of a procedure?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

CREATE OR REPALCE  PROCEDURE procedurename (parameter(x,y,i) mode(IN,OUT,INOUT) type(char,varchar,numer)) AS/IS

variable declaration

BEGIN

procedure body

END procedurename(optional);

CREATE OR REPALCE  procedure statement replaces any previous version of that procedure in the same schema with new version without warning

What are procedure,functions,packages in pl/sql?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

A stored procedure, function, or package is a PL/SQL program unit that:

  • Has a name.
  • Can take parameters, and can return values.
  • Is stored in the data dictionary.
  • Can be called by many users.

    procedures return no value functions always return single value to the caller
    Functions can be called from SQL, procedure cannot
    Functions are considered expressions, procedure are not

Basic Structure of PL/SQL?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

declare
declarative section
begin
executable section
exception
exception handling section
end;

components of pl/sql block are declare,begin,exception,end

What is MySQL?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

open source rdbms that relies on sql for processing data in the db.
It provides API’s for java,php,perl,c etc
Its reliable,flexible,easy to use

Difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

Posted by admin on Dec 05 2006 | Comment now »

SQL(Structured Query Language) composed of DML and DDL
DML(Data Manipulative Language) consists of selete,update,insert,delete,merge
DDL(Data Definition Language) consists of create,alter,drop

data oriental language for selecting and manipulating data
SQL may be like source of data for a web page

PL/SQL
procedural language tht extends SQL used for application development
language used to format,build and display web page

SQL statements allowed in pl/sql are dml only